Should Marijuana Be Legal - 1590 Words

Attitudes toward the legalization due to the shifts over time take into consideration a shockingly exact reproduction of four decade of American social history. In November 2012, voters in Colorado and Washington State passed a law allowing, dispersion, and ownership of marijuana for medical and recreational use. This paper does not address the subject of whether cannabis ought to be legal; it concentrates on the configuration contemplation of making an adjustment in cannabis strategy. Regardless of whether marijuana authorization is positive or negative for general well-being and public security largely relies on upon administrative choices and how they are actualized. This paper contends that current federalism precepts neglect†¦show more content†¦It empowers the people to comprehend the dynamic communications between these levels as drug policies are created and utilized. Schwartz (2014) writes that the chief of undergraduate studies for the Department of Economics at Harvard University takes note of that of the $48.7 billion spent by states and the government in 2008, $13.8 billion was entirely utilized for cannabis authorization. Sanctioning cannabis would lessen state costs by $10.4 billion, government costs by $3.4 billion (Schwartz, 2014). Generally, large portions of the Americans now support legalizing recreational marijuana. Various states are exploring different avenues regarding therapeutic and recreational cannabis leaving the requirement for government policies on marijuana. Marijuana legalization speaks to the most pointed government- state policy struggle subsequent to racial integration. Permitted by twenty states, restorative utilization of cannabis (and in two states, recreational utilization of pot) remains precluded by federal criminal law (Schwartz, 2014). Schwartz (2014) discloses that preceding 1996, the laws of each of the fifty states made criminal offenses of possessing cannabis and distribution, like government law. How ever, beginning with

Concept of Globalisation Free Essays

Concept of Globalization Globalization means different things to different people. The three important perspectives of globalization are as follows: †¢ To a business executive, globalization refers to a strategy of crossing national boundaries through globalized production and marketing networks. †¢ To an economist, globalization refers to an economic interdependence between countries covering increased trade, technology, labor, and capital flows. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Globalisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ To a political scientist, globalization refers to an integration of a global community in terms of ideas, norms, and values. Because of these differences in perspectives, globalization has been defined in many different ways. The following are the widely used definitions of globalization: †¢ â€Å"Globalization is a free movement of goods, services, people, capital, and information across national boundaries. † †¢ â€Å"Globalization is a process by which an activity or undertaking becomes worldwide in scope. † †¢ â€Å"Globalization is a process of integration of the world as one market. † Form these definitions; it is clear that globalization leads to an integrated global economy. The process of globalization ultimately converts the huge globe into a small global village. Forms of Globalization Globalization is a multi-dimensional process. It has four important dimensions: economic, cultural, political, and environmental. The process of globalization is now influencing these aspects of an economy. A brief description of these forms of globalization is as follows: ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: Economic influence is the most obvious part of globalization. Economic globalization is contributed by liberalization, deregulation, privatization, and declining costs of the markets in goods, services, capital, trade, and finance. Economic globalization has speeded up in the recent past. A free-trade doctrine removes the barriers to the flow of goods between countries. The formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has given impetus to this process. Multinational companies are another force to boost up economic globalization. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION: Different countries have different sets of national beliefs, values and norms. The expanding process of globalization has brought these cultural diversities together to form a global culture. Advances in communications, television networks, transportation technology have been reducing the barriers of distance and culture. Over the last several years, global communications have been revolutionized by developments in satellites, digital switching, and optical fiber telephone lines. As a result of such developments, reliable system of commercial jet travel has reduced the time it takes to get from one location to another. This has tremendous impact on the flow of tourists across the globe. Television programmers have made people aware of other cultures and languages. These have reduced the cultural distance between countries. The process of globalization has increased mutual understanding, peaceful coexistence, and learning from each other’s experiences. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION: Nations today are more inter-dependent. They are joining hands to participate in creating macro-political framework for development. There are exchanges of views and experiences between nations regarding the establishment of good governance system, legal system, human rights, free media, property rights, decentralized pattern of governance, relatively free access to state information, and so on. The regional grouping of nations has promoted the integration further and created pressure for democracy and human rights. Because of these global influences, the political system worldwide made a shift away from command and mixed economies to the free-market model. ENVIRONMETAL GLOBALIZATION: The globe today is facing unprecedented problems of global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, acute loss of bio-diversity, and trans-border pollution. In fact, ecological problems like floods, soil erosion, water pollution, air pollution, acid rain, and global warming cross national borders without hindrance. To prevent any further degradation of global ecology, the world community is actively engaged in preventing the growing problem of environment. Today, world attention has been drawn toward conservation of environment, harnessing water resources, and judicious use of non-renewable resource. The world community is, therefore, trying to encourage countries to understand these global environment issues and adopt legal and other measures to protect the environment. Nature of Globalization Globalization promotes international business. The international business is composed of four main categories: (i) world trade, (ii) portfolio investment (iii) direct investment, and (iv) multinational enterprises. A brief description of international business is given below: WORLD TRADE: The oldest form of international business is trading of merchandise. Consumers in one country buy goods, which are produced in another country. This is a common phenomenon. Most of the world trade today is among the industrialized countries. World trade is mostly made up of manufactured goods. The service trade has also been rapidly increasing during recent years. Export business is beneficial for a country not only in terms of trade, but also because it creates export-related jobs. With the growing integration of the world economy, world trade would also increase. In fact, expansion of world trade itself has been made easier by two things. Firstly, technological changes in transport, global network of banking and insurance, and information flows have made it possible to undertake world trade more quickly. Secondly, a number of international and regional agreements or arrangements have been established to promote and coordinate world trade. PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT: International portfolio investment is also known as indirect foreign investment. Portfolio investment is the second main type of globalization. It is the purchase of foreign securities in the form of stocks, bonds, or commercial papers to obtain a return on that investment in the form of dividends, interests, or capital gains. Acquiring foreign stocks and bonds does not confer managerial control of a foreign enterprise on the buyer. Rather, the international portfolio investor is a creditor whose main concern is a decent return on his or her investment. Therefore, the capital flow is greatly affected by relative interest rates and strong currency values, which result in high return for the investors. FOREIGN DERECT INVESTMENT: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the long-term capital investment. It involves acquisitions by domestic firms of foreign-based factories or any other types of business firms. The investor, thus, enjoys managerial control over the assets of the acquired firm. Direct investment may be financed in a number of ways other than through capital movements. Foreign investments may be financed by borrowing locally, by reinvesting foreign earnings, by the sale to foreign affiliate of non-financial assets such as technology, or through funds generated by licensing fees and payments for management services to the parent company. MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES: FDI is an important vehicle for the birth and growth of multinational companies. A multinational company encompasses both domestic and overseas operations. It is called multinational because it operates across national boundaries. However, its focus is on foreign markets. A multinational company, thus, has all the components of the definition of globalization and international business discussed above. Being multinational in scope and activity, such firms also encounter wide-ranging socio-cultural, political, and legal problems while operating in many different countries. Methods of Globalization There are a number of methods for globalization of business. In each method, there is a choice of strategies to follow. These strategies are sometimes referred to as â€Å"foreign market entry strategies†. If the international business strategy is to be successful, a business firm must carefully analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different entry methods before deciding on its approaches. A brief account of some of the methods of globalization is as follows: EXPORTING: The most widely used and common method of doing business internationally is exporting. A direct export operation is a direct sale by a manufacturer to an overseas customer. Indirect exporting involves selling through an intermediary. Exporting is preferable when the cost of production in the home country is substantially lower than producing goods in foreign markets. Therefore, business firms having cost advantage would like to export their products to foreign markets instead of investing in production facilities there. Exporting is, thus, the first stage in the evolution of international business. Exporting is the best alternative under a given set of conditions. It is the least complex global operations. However, there are some factors, which make exporting less attractive than other alternatives. For example, policies of some governments discriminate against import. In some cases, imports are even banned. There may also be hostility against imports. In these situations, exporting strategy may not be effective. LICENSIG AND FRANCHINSG: Licensing and franchising are important entry and expansion methods. Through these methods, the companies can expand their business. Earnings come to the company through fees and royalties. Today, many western companies have been extensively using licensing and franchising practices. One of the growing trends in international business today has been trademark licensing. This has become a substantial source of worldwide revenue. Licensing offers rapid entry into a foreign market. Under international licensing, a business firm can contractually assign the rights to certain technical know-how, design, intellectual property to a foreign company in return for royalty. In many countries, law regulates such fees or royalties. At times, a licensing agreement may be of cross-licensing type wherein there is mutual exchange of knowledge and patents. In a cross-licensing arrangement, a cash payment may or may not be involved. The advantage of licensing is that the licenser does not have to bear the development costs associated with opening up in a foreign country. The licensee bears the costs. Franchising is a form of licensing in which a parent company (the franchiser) grants another independent entity (the franchise) the right to do business in a prescribed manner. The franchisee buys an established marketing package without the risks of product acceptance, market testing, etc. The franchiser gets foreign market entry at minimum cost, plus a local ntrepreneur. The privilege may be the right to sell the parent company’s product, to use its name, to adopt its methods, or to copy its symbols, trademarks and architecture. One of the common forms of franchising involves the franchiser supplying some ingredients for finished products, like coca-cola supplying the syrup to the bottlers. Hilton Hotels might sell a franchise to a local company in Nepal to operate hotels under the Hilton name. FULLY OWNED MANUFACTURING FACILITIES: Bigger corporations establish their own factories abroad. This strategy has some advantages. The corporation owning the factory has full control over production and quality. There is also no risk of developing potential competitors as in the case of licensing and contract manufacturing. However, there may be some problems while operating in a foreign country. The government may impose restrictions on the use of desired technology. Similarly, constraints such as lack of skilled manpower, infrastructural facilities, production bottlenecks, raw material supply etc. may also be encountered. Above all, the corporation may have to invest a lot in terms of financial and managerial resources to operate the plant in its fullest capacity. JOINT VENTURES A joint venture is a partnership in which the domestic firm and the foreign firm negotiates tie up involving one or more of the the following:equity,transfer of technology,investment,production and marketing. The arrangement defines responsibility for performance,accountability and powersharing. MERGER AND ACQUISITION The most extensive form of participation in global market is 100% ownership,which may be achieved by start up,merger or acquisition STRATEGIC ALLIANCE Various terms are used to describe the linkage between firms to jointly pursue a common goal,such as collaborative agreements,strategic alliance and global strategic partnership. EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION Increasing globalization has many effect and consequences on an indivisual business firm as well as the national economy. These effect are both positive as well as negative. We can identity some 5 major effects of Globalisation Liberalized International Trade Import Penetration Foreign Direct Investment Multinational Companies Competitive Environment How to cite Concept of Globalisation, Papers

Enthusiasm Mind of Growing Children

Question: Discuss about the Article for Mind of growing children carries full of enthusiasm. Answer: Introduction Young children always learn in their growth stage and they easily adopt the process and system around them. In this stage, they not only grow physically, but also grow mentally that shape the future state of mind. Therefore, it is very important to provide the proper environment in this age where they can grow with a positive approach in their life. This stage of growth among the children continues to happen through several observations and interactions with the external environment (Jaswal Malone, 2007). In this process, they also associate, store, use information within them from the external environment, and implement them in their life. In recent time, the world has changed from and different aspect and childrens are getting lot of technological entertainment that have no existence in the real life. Particularly several television programs that are not associates with the real life scenario influence the magical thinking of the children (Skolnick Weisberg Bloom, 2009). Sometime s the influence become do extensive that affect the mental growth of the children and they fail to adopt the real life situation. Discussion Cognitive development is the procurement of mental procedures that are required for speculation and understanding your general surroundings. According to the view of Skolnick Weisberg Sobel (2012), cognitive development incorporates various abilities including coherent thinking, collaboration, handling and storing information whether it is necessary of not irrespective of positive or negative sense. To figure out cognitive progression it is important to understand, identifies kids activity among different age, and compares them with the realistic and normal behavior. If the behavioral changes are too different from the common characteristic then it needs serious intervention with positive influence. Sharon Woolley (2004) has opined that timely recognition of the cognitive behavior will provide the parent to rectify the situation. However if the child is continuously getting the influence of negative activity then it will impose the negative picture in the childs mind that will deve lop against the reality. Several studies have revealed the fact that every activity in front of a child is developing the image of real world. During the growth, stage if the children is associated with the imagistic environment then somewhere in the mind of the children it will remain for life long, that may in the future contradict with the thought of reality. According to Corriveau Harris (2015), power of imagination in a magical way is much more active in the childrens mind because they do not know the real world. Therefore, their thought and imagination always contradict with the real life situation and they feel upset. Children as young as three comprehend the idea of what is genuine and what is not, until they are around seven. Children can be effortlessly deceived by grown-ups tempting words or by evidence. They grab their convictions about some fantastical characters like Santa or some others longer than others do. Therefore, once the children mind is attached with the magical elements during the growth stage it becomes very difficult to make them understand the reality until the adult age. On the other hand, Shtulman (2009) has opined that creative energy was considered as a path for kids to escape from reality, and once they achieved a particular age, it was trusted they would push dream aside and manage this present reality. In any case, progressively, kid advancement specialists perceive the significance of creative ability and the part it plays in comprehension reality. Creative energy is fundamental for finding out about individuals and occasions we do not specifically experience, for example, history or occasions on the opposite side of the world. For youthful children, it permits them to contemplate the future, for example, what they need to do when they grow up. To support this view Martarelli Mast (2013) has stated that, it is critical yet unnecessary for guardians to boost dream play among their kids. On the off chance that the youngster as of now has a imaginary friend, for occasion, guardians ought to take after their kids lead and offer consolation in the event that they are happy with doing as such. Additionally, if it appears to be encouraged by the thought, guardians can empower it. Nevertheless, if guardians pick not to present or support the confidence in imaginary characters, they ought to search for different approaches to energize their youngsters' creative impulses, for example, by playing well-groomed up or perusing imaginary tale. On the other hand according to the viewpoints of Bunce Harris (2008) a kid's improvement includes passionate, physical and intellectual advancement. Being a guardian, it becomes always critical to comprehend the diverse ways that your kid grows so one can track progress, strengthen progression and recognize issues. Rational progression affects your kids training and by comprehension the diverse stages. Therefore, you can be steady of any educational contractor working with your kid and thus, have dynamic influence in your kids improvement at home. Several theorists have pretend different view on the cognitive development of the children mind and most of the theory has emphasized on the environmental aspect of the children. The future of the children is highly associated with the functional environment of his or her family which also dependent on the shape of the society where the family lives. If the family is living among the higher class society then there is a high chance of growing the magical imagination due to lot of influence. However, middle class society is more aware about the real life situation and they provide the basic environment to their children (Milligan, Astington Dack, 2007). Therefore, the tendency of getting the magical imagination among the richer is more as compared to middle class. Due to this environmental difference during the growth stage middle class childs adjust more quickly with the real world whereas childrens from upper class struggle to understand the real situation. Piaget's Cognitive Theor y, which comprises of three fundamental segments. The first is patterns, which are the building pieces of a kid's learning and how he forms and classifies data. For instance, a youngster has an arrangement of data about steeds that he can recover when he sees one that helps him recognize it as a steed (Browne Woolley, 2004). He first arranges a zebra as a steed as it fits with the data he has. Nevertheless, when he discovers this is not the situation, he will store extra data, for example, that a zebra has stripes. At that point, he will make another classification. The second part incorporates the procedures that occur for the move to happen starting with one phase then onto the next. At last, the third segment incorporates the phases of improvement themselves. Formative variations and the formative transformations represent unique difficulties to educators. The varieties among kids propose a need give exceptional help to the individuals who are behind, maybe by offering more prominent chances to play or by platform and supporting starting play for kids unused to maintaining it all alone. In the meantime, the individual changes empowered by play challenge instructors to see play for what it is and where it leads, and to disclose this information convincingly to others, for example, guardians or kindred teachers (Wellman, Cross Watson, 2001). These different grown-ups may see just the instantly noticeable contrasts amongst play and genuine considering, and not the formative associations fundamental them. Early youth instructors confront the assignment of developing such understanding and disclosing to them how play adds to the fates of youngsters, socially as well as psychologically too. Vygotskys theory of cognitive development among the children is different that focus on two perspective one is the social speech and the other is private speech. In effect with the social speech, this theory is associated with the zone of proximal development. According to Woolley,Boerger Markman(2004) zone of proximal development is associated with the components that help the kid to move from one state that is what the kid can do of his or her own to the other where the kid can do only with the support of others. Both the state is important for the children to overcome the growth stage. In such situation, the growing children will be able to understand and identify the situation that he or she can manage. On the other hand, Boerger (2011) has opined that scaffolding is the stage that needs support across the zone of proximal development that is related to the private speech of Vygotskys theory. In this situation the external and internal environmental of the kid do not provide the proper infrastructure that will make them self-dependent. To establish both the fact Carrick Quas (2006) has conveyed that tutor of the kid plays a great role in this stage. Here tutor means that person whom the kid believes most and tries to follow his or her activity influence the behavioral aspect. Cognitive development also works as the storage of information through different process of encoding decoding and transformation of data. As the children grow, they start to realize the external situation and develop a analytical tool within them by developing various logic. All the logic is simple and straight to them and they start to believe their eyes. The fantasy tool works in this stage and along with the real view, they start to develop a imaginary view in their mind. This two state of mind often makes them puzzle and they start to mismatch the things in the real situation. Conclusion Mind of growing children carries full of enthusiasm since they are learning in that stage. Each and every step help them to understand the external environment and starts to remember every situation they face. Growing children learn very fast and they try to adopt the situation and behavior around them. The process of learning happens in such a way that do not have immediate outcome however all the learning of the child is reaming in the dormant stage that may be triggered in any stage of life. From the above discussion, it can be summarized that cognitive development incorporates various abilities including coherent thinking, collaboration, handling and storing information whether it is necessary of not irrespective of positive or negative sense. However if the child is continuously getting the influence of negative activity then it will impose the negative picture in the childs mind that will develop against the reality. They grab their convictions about some fantastical characters like Santa or some others longer than others do. Therefore, once the childrens mind is attached with the magical elements during the growth stage it becomes very difficult to make them understand the reality until the adult age. References Boerger, E. A. (2011). In fairy tales fairies can disappear: Childrens reasoning about the characteristics of humans and fantasy figures. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 29, 635655. Browne, C.A., Woolley, J.D.(2004). Pre-schoolers magical explanations for violations of physical, social, and mental laws.Journal of Cognition and Development,5(2),239260. Bunce, L., Harris, M. (2008). I saw the real Father Christmas! Childrens everyday uses of the words real, really, and pretend. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 445455. Carrick, N., Quas, J. A. (2006). Effects of discrete emotions on young childrens ability to discern fantasy and reality. Developmental Psychology, 42(6), 12781288. Corriveau, K. H., Harris, P. L. (2015). Childrens developing realization that some stories are true: links to the understanding of beliefs and signs. Cognitive Development, 34, 7687 Jaswal, V. K., Malone, L. S. (2007). Turning believers into skeptics: 3-Year-olds sensitivity to cues to speaker credibility. Journal of Cognition and Development, 8, 263283. Martarelli, C. S., Mast, F. W. (2013). Is it real or is it fiction? Childrens bias toward reality. Journal of Cognition and Development, 14(1), 141153. Milligan, K., Astington, J. W., Dack, L. (2007). Language and theory of mind: meta-analysis of the relation between language ability and false-belief understanding. Child Development, 78(2), 622646. Sharon, T., Woolley, J. D. (2004). Do monsters dream? Young childrens understanding of the fantasy/reality distinction. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 293310. Shtulman, A. (2009). The development of possibility judgment within and across domains. Cognitive Development, 24, 293309. Skolnick Weisberg, D. Bloom, P. (2009), Young children separate multiple pretend worlds. Developmental Science, 12:699705. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00819.x Skolnick Weisberg, D., Sobel, D. M. (2012). Young children discriminate improbable from impossible events in fiction. Cognitive Development, 27(1), 9098. Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655684 Woolley, J. D.,Boerger, E. A., Markman, A. B.(2004).A visit from the Candy Witch: Factors influencing young children's belief in a novel fantastical being.Developmental Science,7,456468.

Russo

Since the inception of faith, religions all over the world have always been in conflicts due to the differences in faith and beliefs. The differences and the beliefs that one religion is superior to the other has been a major cause of these conflicts. For example, some denominations may feel superior to the others within the same religion (i.e., a catholic and a protestant) or among different religious groups, for instance, a Muslim and a Christian.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conflict between the Muslims and western Christendom has existed since Islam came into being. This rivalry has never ceased since then. There have been both political and economic clashes between these two religions. Islam came into being in 622 AD and it is credited to be among the last of great civilizations. The Islam religion managed to change the Arabs into a new form of community, which was more united and this enabled them spread beyond the Arabia, Persians, and even into Africa and European parts. The first clash between the Muslim and Western Christendom dates back the year 711 A.D when the Muslims tried to besiege Constantinople. Among the most well known and well documented conflicts between the Islam and Christianity which also was a sign of the fall of the Ottoman Empire was the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. The Ottoman Empire was and remains one of the greatest and fondly recognized civilizations of the modern times. The empire was the largest and one of the most influential Muslim empires of all times and it lasted until the 20th century. The empire was founded in the late 13th century by several Turkish tribes, which were ruled by the descendants of Osman 1 until the dissolution of the empire in 1918. Within 100 years since their establishment, the Ottomans had changed from the small kingdom it had started as to the heirs of one of t he strongest and most respected empire. The success of the Ottoman Empire has for a long period been attributed to the disunity and the weaknesses of their adversaries as well as excellent and superior military techniques that the empire held.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Russo-Turkish war origins can be traced back to the Crimean war in which Russia underestimated the power of the Ottoman Empire and when they entered to war Russia was defeated and lost some of its territories to the empire. Thus, though Russia was helping the Balkan states in regaining their independence, their main aim was to recover the territories it had lost earlier. Another aim of entering into war was aimed at protecting the Armenians who were the minority group of orthodox Christians and they were suffering much from the Muslim empire rule. In the year 1876, the Balkan states of Serbia and Montenegro decl ared war on Ottoman Empire where the two states were defeated but Russia with the approval of Austria attacked and defeated the Ottomans (Spielvogel 762). The Russian army passed through Danube and met with the ottoman soldiers. The war took a period of about 5 months and when the Ottoman army could resist no more, they retreated and the Russian soldiers marched on and on annexing some of the empire land. The ottomans could not take that anymore and they requested for a peace treaty. The Russians agreed and with it the peace treaty was signed which went by the San Stefano. By the treaty of San Stefano, a large Bulgarian state was also created and the treaty also resulted in some of the countries under the Ottoman rule which were fighting for independence being granted the same and these included Serbia and Romania. The Russian success was not a positive indication to other European powers and in the year 1878, European countries with Germany under Bismarck being the leader, called f or a congress in Berlin to discuss a revision of the San Stefano treaty. When the congress met it reduced the agreements, which had been signed under the treaty to the humiliation of Russia. The Bulgarian state was reduced in size and the rest of the territory returned to the Ottoman Empire and it was after this Congress of Berlin that European powers formed alliances in order to safeguard their security. After what Russia had experienced in the Berlin congress, it terminated the alliance and thus Germany had to make an alliance with Austria with Italy joining later.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reasons for the Russo-Turkish conflict Nationalism In the middle of 19th century there was a rising wave of nationalism across the Ottoman Empire. It was at this period that the Balkan States which had been under the rule of Ottoman successfully revolted against the empire and gained their independence with the help of other European countries. Related to the Balkan states the following activities led to the conflict; The founding of the independent Bulgaria, the revival of their language, the intellectual awakening and the rise of the orthodox Christian church were some of the factors that reinforced nationalism and realization of Bulgaria’s independence and unity among other Balkan states. It was after gaining the independence that Bulgaria felt that it needed to establish territorial and ethnographic boundaries to separate it from the other Slavic nations. It was during this period that anything related to Ottoman was considered negatively and Islam as a religion was regarded as a reminder of the ottoman occupation, and with the help of Russia this was made possible (IHRC 7). Ottoman Abuses of Christians Living in the Empire At the end of the Crimean war, which pitied Russia against the Ottoman Empire, there was an agreeme nt that Christians and Muslims were to share equal rights. While some of these reforms were initiated afterwards, some key aspects of discrimination still remained, for example, there was no place where Christians were allowed to confess against the Muslims. This created a Muslim like immunity towards offenses committed against the Christians. In some instances it allowed the Muslims to take advantage of the situation and exploited Christians badly. These practices were mostly felt where the Christians were the majority and this was used as a tool to keep them off, as a result revolts grew within and the Russians saw it as an opportunity to help them by attacking the Ottoman Empire. Weakness of the Ottoman Government The empire army and economic status began weakening; this caused its instability and made them vulnerable to external attacks from their rivals. The military instability caused the empire to experience internal problems and weakened the very foundation of the empire. Th e empire insistence and devotion to its traditions also caused their relations with the rest of European countries which were Christian dominated and as observed by Lioutas, In the year 1800s the Empire experienced a decline as a result of a lack of advancement, corruption in the government, a decline in military power, which facilitated external attacks, along with negative feelings towards them and poor relations with other countries; this resulted in isolation from the West (Lioutas 1).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another factor that led to the weakening of the Ottoman Empire was its internal army conflict, for example, before their war with Russia, the Ottoman Empire had engaged in war with Muhammad Ali from Egypt which resulted in the loss of Egypt for the empire. Internal wars were fought resulting in liberation and essentially loss of land therefore decrease in empire size; slowly and steadily, parts of the empire particularly in the borders were lost (Haberman Shubert 71). The significance of the Russo- Turkish conflict for the subsequent development of the relationships between those involved: After the Russo-Turkish war, the Russians redefined their understanding both of operations and of their preparation and conduct to produce a concept that was linked to their military superiority† (Menning1). They changed their way of understanding and developed a strong military force with advanced art and science of military. It is through these advancements that the Russian military has b een known to possess, use, and continue to advance. The formation of alliances after the Berlin Congress led to developed animosity between German and the Russians and this is a possible cause of the First World War which started in 1914 where the British, Russia and her allies were trying to contain the expansionist policies of the Germans. This war also led to significant recognition of the Christians living within the empire and a peaceful co existence was thus required. It was after this war that the Armenians who were the minority Christian in the empire began looking upon Russia for help due to the unfriendly environment they were living in within the empire. It is worthy noting that it is after the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in 1877-1878 that the kingdom weakened drastically and started forming alliances with other European countries in order to secure its territories but this continued up to the First World War where thereafter the Ottoman Empire collapsed. Works Cited Hab erman Arthur, and Shubert, Adrian. The West and the World; Contacts, Conflicts, Connections. Toronto: Gage Learning Corporation, 2002. IHRC. â€Å"Europe’s Shame: Anti-Muslim Hatred and the Roma of Bulgaria.† Islamic Human Rights Commission, 2010. Web. Lioutas, Dawn. â€Å"The Fall of the Ottoman Empire.† Bukisa, Feb 19th, 2010. Web. Menning, Bruce. â€Å"The Imperial Russian Legacy of Operational Art, 1878-1914.† Center of Military History United States Army, 1 June 2007. Web. Spielvogel, Jackson. Western Civilization: Alternate Volume: Since 1300. New York: Cengage Learning, 2008. This essay on Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 was written and submitted by user Josiah Lang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Modern Architecture

Defining Modern Architecture Modernism in architecture can be defined by many historians and architects differently with varying dates of its origin. It can be described as a culmination of movements such as, De Stijl, Art Nouveau, different schools such as the Bauhaus, and the many individuals who aspire to create new architecture. This new architecture would carry meaning and order and hopefully a solution to the future of architecture. Individuals such as, Le Corbusier, and Hitchcock and Johnson played an important role in the shaping of the definition of modern architecture and its direction world wide. Philip Johnson and Russell Hitchcock believe the contemporary style of today owes a lot to the structural development of the use of metal. They state that, â€Å"the Crystal Palace at the London Exposition of 1851, Paxton’s magnificent iron and glass construction, has far more in common with the architecture of our day than with that of its own.† [H&J, 39] New construction methods were being invented but were not necessarily playing a role in the art of architecture in its early stages. Ferroconcrete, what we call â€Å"reinforced concrete† was invented in 1849, â€Å"yet it was at least fifty years before it first began to play a considerable part in architectural construction.† [H&J, 39] Although technological innovations are part of the new architecture, Hitchcock and Johnson also address its other counter parts, such as functionalism. With functionalism comes the question of aesthetics, but the idea of functionalism can have a broad definition. Supporters of the Classical Revival and the Medieval Revival in the nineteenth century could easily defend their practice by functionalist arguments, such as in the example of, â€Å"both Greek and Gothic architecture, for in the temple as well as in the cathedral the aesthetic expression is based on structure and function.† [H&J, 51] Unfortunately function touches on the ... Free Essays on Modern Architecture Free Essays on Modern Architecture Defining Modern Architecture Modernism in architecture can be defined by many historians and architects differently with varying dates of its origin. It can be described as a culmination of movements such as, De Stijl, Art Nouveau, different schools such as the Bauhaus, and the many individuals who aspire to create new architecture. This new architecture would carry meaning and order and hopefully a solution to the future of architecture. Individuals such as, Le Corbusier, and Hitchcock and Johnson played an important role in the shaping of the definition of modern architecture and its direction world wide. Philip Johnson and Russell Hitchcock believe the contemporary style of today owes a lot to the structural development of the use of metal. They state that, â€Å"the Crystal Palace at the London Exposition of 1851, Paxton’s magnificent iron and glass construction, has far more in common with the architecture of our day than with that of its own.† [H&J, 39] New construction methods were being invented but were not necessarily playing a role in the art of architecture in its early stages. Ferroconcrete, what we call â€Å"reinforced concrete† was invented in 1849, â€Å"yet it was at least fifty years before it first began to play a considerable part in architectural construction.† [H&J, 39] Although technological innovations are part of the new architecture, Hitchcock and Johnson also address its other counter parts, such as functionalism. With functionalism comes the question of aesthetics, but the idea of functionalism can have a broad definition. Supporters of the Classical Revival and the Medieval Revival in the nineteenth century could easily defend their practice by functionalist arguments, such as in the example of, â€Å"both Greek and Gothic architecture, for in the temple as well as in the cathedral the aesthetic expression is based on structure and function.† [H&J, 51] Unfortunately function touches on the ...

Analysis of the Case Oticon Using the Culture Metaphor Essay Sample

1. IntroductionThe metaphors of organisations and direction have been discussed by Gareth Morgan in his book â€Å"Images of Organizations† ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Morgan exposed eight metaphorical images of organisations including machine. being. encephalon. civilization. political system. psychic prison. flux and transmutation. and instrument of domination. Each one of these metaphors creates insight. but besides obscures some corners. They have both pros and cons. They enable seeing. but besides non seeing. No 1 of them is said to be right and right. 2. BackgroundOticon is a Danish company. located in Copenhagen. They used to be one of the best in market for planetary hearing assistance industry. The development and promotion of the other rivals. such as Siemens and Starkey. set Oticon in a critical slippery place in the market. particularly the planetary 1. where Oticon export the bulk of its merchandises to. To rectify the state of affairs. the board brought in Lars Kolind. who had great history of scienceoriented solutions despite his youngness ( 30 old ages old ) . Kolind analyzed the strengths and failings of Oticon and compared it with the rivals. He found out that no strengths Oticon had to vie with. On the other manus. Kolind found out that the inflexibleness and low reactivity the rivals had could be a drawback in comparing with Oticon. Therefore. he decided to put a new program to turn the organisation into larning antiphonal organisation. He sought bettering this advantage to capture larger market portion. particularly globally. and derive higher net income borders. In this study. the instance is analyzed utilizing the civilization metaphor. In other words. it discusses what we could see and reflect when projecting the plane Kolind set and applied on the other rules and attacks of the civilization metaphor. 3. TheoryWhen we talk about civilization we are normally mentioning to the spiel of development reflected in a society’s system of cognition. political orientation. values. Torahs. and daily rite ( Morgan. 1997 ) . Political scientist Robert Presthus has suggested that we now live in an â€Å"organizational society† . This sort of societies has typical facets lay by and large in groups of people build their lives around distinguishable constructs of work and leisure. follow stiff modus operandis five or six yearss a hebdomad. live in one topographic point and work in another. wear uniforms. defer to authorization. and pass so much clip in a individual topographic point executing a individual set of activities ( Presthus. 1978 ) . Organizations could follow different behaviors due their cultural contexts. In other words. some societal behavior could be accepted within a certain cultural context. but possibly unsuitable for other contexts. For case. the Nipponese organisational behavior may non differ from the western organisational one significantly. But Nipponese civilization was more fertile to make much work while maintaining the positive spirit ( Maruyama. 1982 ) . Organizational civilization is the corporate behavior of worlds who are portion of an organisation and the significances that the people attach to their actions ( Smircich. 1983 ) . Corporate civilization is the entire amount of the values. imposts. traditions. and significances that make a company unique. Corporate civilization is frequently called â€Å"the character of an organization† . since it embodies the vision of the company’s laminitiss. The values of a corporate civilization influence the ethical criterions within a corporation. every bit good as managerial behavior ( Montana. 2008 ) . Cultural regulation following could be described as the attachment to societal norms and imposts. while cultural passage emphasises that we must root out apprehension of organisation in the procedures that produce systems of shared significance ( Morgan. 2006 ) . 4. Analysis4. 1. Oticon as Cultural PhenomenonMany European states. every bit good as Denmark. started to turn into organisational states after the industrial revolution during the eighteenth century ( Johansen 2002 ) . Oticon was founded in 1904 by Hans Demant. which means that Oticon. every bit good as other Danish organisations. had been regarded as cultural phenomena that clip. From the instance. there are many contemplations that confirm the similarities between Danish organisational civilization and other European civilizations. That may include working hours. quality criterions. organisational constructions. and other facets of any organisational civilization. 4. 2. Oticon and Cultural ContextAfter come ining Kolind to the organisation. there were many indexs that could pull to which context Oticon had been working in. Kolind proposed a new program with many critical alterations that could travel the company toward decentralised manner. That was accepted by the squad direction. but non heartily welcomed and seen as a new hazardous manner. This indicates that the organisational context in Denmark were by and large hierarchal. Kolind seemed as if he had been influenced by the Nipponese developing manner that clip. He had studied the cultural context in Oticon. and tried to research where some positive facets of the Nipponese manner could be built in. 4. 3. Corporate Culture and Subculture in OticonBefore Kolind’s age. the corporate civilization of Oticon could be characterized by aristocratism. where Demant household had entirely been owned the company for decennaries. But after the company had lost its place in the planetary market. Kolind has been brought in to recover Oticon’s place. while preserve its corporate values and civilization. The board showed Kolind powerful support for his new proposal. which reflects a gradual alteration in corporate civilization. Kolind would hold neer stepped frontward without such support that kept even the direction squad off from kicking him. despite their steady reluctance to the new proposal. Furthermore. what could be seen as a important alteration in corporate civilization is the manner Kolind resorted to for financing the new program. He asked the bank to get 17 % of the company. and some of his co-workers to get 3-4 % . He besides offered the employees portions at a good monetary value under certain standard. That reflects a important alteration in corporate civilization. Kolind has created a great trade when he hired the enthusiastic employee. Helle. to be portion of what he called the inside design squad. This squad had the duty of sentiment leaders. There were six sentiment leaders ; none of them had been busying managerial place. Kolind called the squad with that name so that non to endanger anyone in the direction squad. This reflects how Kolind was well-conscious of dominant civilization. This squad has grown bit by bit and was a karyon that multiplies within the organisation. It is a great back uping power that Kolind planted to cut down the immune potencies of the direction squad. 4. 4. How Could Oticon Change Culture?In our sentiment. the first alteration Oticon did was altering people. This started by engaging Lars Kolind. who disturbed the flow radically. He might be one individual. but really of import 1. In point of fact. Oticon became wholly different after brining in Kolind. It was in world a historical limestone for Oticon. What Kolind has done to use strategic alterations in Oticon’s civilization could be highlighted by some particular and progressive stairss. Logically. he had to understand the procedures within Oticon really good. Then. he diagnosed the strategic alteration demands to look into the extent of alteration and identify barriers. That led him to see alterations in manners of direction. organisational modus operandis. symbolic activities. and political activities ( Mintzberg A ; Quinn. 1996 ) . That all contributed finally in the passage of a shared worlds. Changing topographic points is one of the tactics Kolind has applied. Alte rnatively of detached classical offices. Kolind turned the company into a really large unfastened office for everybody. The employees were free to take their topographic points. By using that. Kolind could alter the traditional frame of working topographic points within the organisation. and likely in Denmark. Furthermore. Kolind needed to alter a set of people’s beliefs and attitudes to accept and follow his program. He could pull off to make that as discussed before by making the interior design squad. converting the board to accept some strategic alterations. and enforcing fait accompli on the squad manage. Kolind tried to make the nucleus thought based of what we can name â€Å"Let?s work together† . This thought helped to develop a corporate civilization that spreads values and rules in all portion of the organisation. Kolind has besides dedicated scientific cognition refering with function theoretical accounts to alter Oticon’s world. Spaghetti theoretical account is a clear grounds for that. He destroyed the departmentalization by affecting different employees in many different undertakings. to execute different functions in each undertaking. There were 100 undertakings. every undertaking was owned by person on the direction squad. But ownership at that place was like being president of the board. The occupation of undertaking proprietor was to back up and unfastened doors. while the undertaking director ran the show. These were non common alterations for any employee to accommodate with. But by developing them to play different functions within their squads. Kolind ad ded a new standard to the hereafter employees. who are willing to work at Oticon. Kolind blew up the departmental construction and reconstruct a new construction. Kolind has besides presented indirect technological alterations to the construction alterations. Kolind enhanced the rule of uninterrupted betterment. and that could be really clear from the manner he dealt with undertaking E36. The universe witnessed so the first to the full automatic hearing assistance named MultiFocus and ranked by the company as the most advanced hearing assistance that had of all time been made. The merchandise was a device offered a echt advanced to the user with much more comfy sound delivered by a to the full automatic system. In order to be a client service oriented company. Oticon’s scheme had been based on holding its ain distributers in order to be in direct contact with their clients so that to supply them with original cognition measure and quality. Kolind besides encouraged all employees to hold their ain computing machines by offering really low monetary values for them. Besides. he imposed the addition of unwritten and e-based communicating alternatively of paper communicating. That was really helpful for employees to unify within the organisation and understand the new manner rapidly. For case. if any employee inquires about a affair. s/he would happen it really simp le to inquire anyone around. which means a more productive flow of work. Finally. and as discussed earlier. the corporate image of Oticon has been wholly changed in Kolind’s age. He could add a positive societal value by increasing the public portion in the company significantly. 4. 5. Strengths of the Culture MetaphorUndoubtedly. the civilization metaphor has several strengths. among these strengths is that it directs attending to the symbolic significance of about every facet of organisational life ( Morgan et al. 1983 ) . That can be seen in Oticon’s instance when there was a focal point on each elaborate facet that makes the working flow of the organisation apprehensible through the constructions. regulations. modus operandis. and hierarchies what are necessary for its day-to-day based functionality. Changing corporate civilization is non ever easy due the opposition against alteration. because in most instances organisations are really structured hierarchically and power oriented ( Morgan et al. 1983 ) . In Oticon the direction squad were highly negative. Kolind was clear when idea that section should work in more incorporate manner. by making a multifunctional organisation. where everyone does more than one thing. Therefore. the construct of a caput section didn’t make sense any longer. As a consequence. Kolind did his best to present the thought that the times have changed. and the traditional manner directors had used to work with became disused. The 3rd strength of the civilization metaphor is that it supports the relation between the organisation and its environment ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Reflecting this on Oticon. we have noticed that Kolind has based his determination doing scheme by taking advantages over other competitor’s failings due to their heavy reaction and departmentalized constructions. Furthermore. the manner to understand the organisational alteration can be besides strength. Besides altering engineerings. constructions. and employees motive ; alteration should besides cover the images and values that frame this alteration ( Morgan. 2006 ) . Even though there was kind of opposition for the alteration within Oticon. Kolind has managed to setup a clump of values to modulate the new manner of how to accomplish ends and marks. No affair which method to follow. it had to be characterized by values such as equity and transparence. 5. CONCLUSIONSThe civilization metaphor provides a radical manner of believing about organisations. In order to make a new organisational construction. the biggest challenge would be cultural alteration. When Oticon faced troubles. there was a demand to respond to accommodate with the planetary environment. The first measure taken by the board was to alter the world of the company being ruled by a household. engaging a new leader from outside ( Kolind ) . Even though it was non a existent cultural alteration. but what corporate civilization wanted him to make. Kolind accelerated the debut of several cultural alterations in the organisation. He introduced a new civilization of thought ( believing the unthinkable ) based on his analysis consequences. He managed to make a new construction of the organisation and developed a new roadmap based on the company future visions and ends. Besides. Kolind introduced new stockholders to the company capital. switching Oticon toward public corporat ion. He besides moved the direction and determination devising manner of Oticon from being centralized to be more decentralised. he besides managed to make a shared systems of significance that are accepted. acted and approachable at all degrees of the organisation. since this metaphor is meant to be built around people instead than techniques. However. the failure on such undertakings can endanger any effort to present a cultural alteration. 6. Reference Johansen. Hans Chr. ( 2002 ) . Danish Population History. 1600-1939. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark. Presthus. R. ( 1978 ) . The Organizational Society. New York: St. Martin’s. Maruyama. M. ( 1982 ) . â€Å"Mindscapes. Management. Business Policy. and Public Policy. † Academy of Management Review. Mintzberg. B. and Quinn. B. ( 1996 ) . † Leadership is intertwined with civilization formation. † The Strategy Process. Prentice-Hall. Montana. P. and Charnov. B. ( 2008 ) Management ( 4th ed. ) . Barrons Educational Series. Hauppauge: NY. Morgan. G. P. Frost. and L. Pondy. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Organizational Symbolism. † Greenwich. Connecticut: JAI Press. Morgan. G. ( 2006 ) . Image of organisation. Schulich School of concern. Toronto. Smircich. L. ( 1983 ) . â€Å"Concepts of Culture and Organizational Analysis. † Administrative Science Quarterly. Wiener. N. ( 1967 ) The human usage of human existences. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Amsterdam tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Amsterdam tourism - Essay Example tions, tourists are people that travel to and stay in different places that are not their usual environment for a period that exceeds one year for reasons of business, leisure and other reasons altogether (Sharpley 2006, 16). Currently, tourism has become an important and famous global activity undertaken by people during their leisure. In fact, tourism has become one of the leading sources of income in many countries that have created sustainable systems and structures to attract people to view and experience the tourism potential of their countries. During the economic recession in the late 2000s, tourism is one of those industries that were adversely affected, this was during the better part of 2008 until the better part of 2009. Additionally, the outbreak of some of the deadliest diseases affects the tourism industry as people reduce their travelling for leisure or business purposes. Other activities like terrorism also play an important part in influencing people’s travel patterns and behavior across the world (Thompson & Travlou 2007, 48). countries that have enough and varied sceneries stand a better chance to attract people from different parts of the world. This paper examines the tourism potential of Amsterdam City in the Netherlands. It focuses on the internal and external factors influencing the city’s tourism potential. Amsterdam is one of the most populous, as well as the capital of Netherlands. The status of Amsterdam as the capital of Dutch has been provided for in the Netherland’s constitution (Catling 2006, 18). Amsterdam, as the capital of Dutch has a population of approximately 813,562 people in the city-proper. The city’s urban region has about 1, 112, 165 people, while the larger metropolitan area comprises of 1, 575, 263. Amsterdam city is strategically located in the heart of Europe, making it one of the most important tourism in Europe. In fact, the city has often been described as alpha city of the world according to the

Whatever Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whatever - Essay Example I am of the view that my ethical theory is a manifestation of who I am and what I want to do in this world with the changing times. I am sure that my ethical theory is a good one because it covers quite a many issues and practically encompasses the strengths and weaknesses that exist within my fore. There is a great amount of learning that is required within my ethical theory which is something good that is proactively happening. This ethical theory is indeed created by my own self as I am the sole owner and hence can change it as and when required. What I have found out with the passage of time is the fact that my ethical theory is dependent on how well I shape up value for my own self and the people who are around me from time to time (Anscombe, 1958). This ethical theory is the basis of providing me happiness whenever I am down and when I need to seek new things within my life domains. It makes me contented with what I have learned thus far and what I aim to explore with the passage of time. The normative ethics that surround my basis have given me an ideology of my own. It has made me realize where I have been wrong and what I can do once I set my eyes on something big. I am sure that with proper incorporation of efforts and endeavors on my part, I will be able to achieve the goals and objectives which are tied up with the ethical theory that I have devised for myself. As far as the future domains are concerned, I am glad that I have made the right decision as far as implementing it within my fore. It has put me in a better league than many others who exist in the society and who seek to learn new things on a regular basis. In the end, I will suggest that my ethical theory is complete from all angles and sides yet there is always room for improvements and enhancements which shall continue on a consistent basis. It has made me feel successful as far as dealing with other people is related, and put me head and shoulders above the

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Ernest Hemingway probably summed it up best when he said, All modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn (source). We’re dealing with quite a book here. Published in 1885, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain’s follow-up to the Adventures of Tom Sawyer, carved new territory into the American literary landscape in several ways. As one of the first novels to use a specific region’s vernacular in its narration, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn set a precedent for many other distinctly American works to follow. Some readers didn’t exactly get this new colloquial style, however. Accustomed to the proper prose of Hawthorne, Thoreau, and Emerson, some readers didn’t know what to do with Huck’s particular way of storytelling. Aside from the novel’s new style of writing, Twain’s decision to use thirteen-year-old Huck as the narrator allowed him to include certain content that a more civilized narrator probably would have left out. At first, Twain’s novel was labeled crass by some readers. The book was even banned in schools for its use of the n-word which is ironic, given that the novel is up in arms over slavery. Even today, the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn makes Banned Books lists. Look more:Â  social satire essay Twain’s novel jumped head first into one of the biggest issues of its day: racism. Although the Emancipation Proclamation had been signed over two decades before Huckleberry Finn’s original publication date, African-Americans everywhere were still victims of oppression and racism. They were technically free, but often by name only in Reconstruction-era America. Many southerners were bitter about the outcome of the Civil War. By guiding his characters through several states of the Confederacy, Twain was able to reveal the hypocrisy of many pre-war southern communities. As a southerner himself, Twain had first-hand experiences to draw on, and he was able to walk the fine line between realistic depiction and ironic farce. Not to mention, Twain created the now-iconic character of Jim, a runaway slave who convinces Huck that African-Americans are deserving of freedom, and that equality is a goal for which we all should be fighting. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is now considered to be one of the Great American Novels, mostly due to how it so heartily champions the American ideals of freedom, independence, and rugged individualism. Huck’s dedication to his own moral standards and his bold sense of adventure and self-sufficiency have earned him a place in the All-American Hall of Fame. In addition, Twain is a hilarious storyteller, and the plot of this novel is a roller-coaster ride of moral dilemmas – so trust us when we say that if you haven’t taken the ride yet, you probably should. Why Should I Care? Mark Twain wrote Adventures of Huckleberry Finn twenty years after the American Civil War. Slavery had been abolished, and the North and South were making up (albeit with some residual anger). So why publish a highly moralistic tale about a system that was no longer in place? Weren’t race issues a moot point once slavery was out of the picture? Hardly. Freedom didn’t mean equality by any means – not legally, socially, or practically. (See Shmoop Historys Jim Crow in America for more.) Actually, come to think of it, this isn’t an outdated notion at all. Rules and laws often don’t accurately reflect what’s really going on. From a legal standpoint today, we have equality of race; yet racism is still a problem. Men and women are equal, yet many still see a glass ceiling for women in the workplace, meaning they often have invisible boundaries to advancement. That doesn’t mean laws are useless. Laws may not immediately effect change, but we’ve seen that they do precede change. While laws can affect how people act, it takes more to change the way we think. We can’t rely on laws alone. That’s where The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn comes back into the picture. We need people like Mark Twain to remind us not to be self-congratulatory for starting a process in motion, but instead to realize that greater change is always necessary.

The Red Room by H.G Wells and The Signalman by Charles Dickens Essay

The Red Room by H.G Wells and The Signalman by Charles Dickens `'The Red Room' by H.G Wells and 'The Signalman' by Charles Dickens are two short stories set in the later 19th century ('The Red Room' 1896, 'The Signalman' 1860s). 'The Red Room' is a Gothic horror story while 'The Signalman' is a story containing many elements of Gothic horror from the earlier 19th century. They both mention the supernatural although 'The Signalman' is questioning it and 'The Red Room' is a story made to prove that there is no such thing as the supernatural. H. G Wells created fear and suspense in 'The Red Room' in many ways. He raises the suspense level mainly through the personalities of the three old custodians, with language, description and their actions. The man with the withered arm gives aid with increasing the suspense level with his repetitions of the phrase 'It's your own choosing.'. It is a warning repeated three times, an effect used in 'The Signalman as well. The repetitions of a phrase or an action three times is an element used by writers to increase fear and suspense because the number three is believed to be an unlucky number, although at that time when there was superstition and questions of witches and the supernatural, it would have given a much better effect. Wells also raises fear with the old woman always staring at the fire, 'the old woman sat staring hard into the fire, her pale eyes wide open.' And 'her eyes fixed steadily on the fire.' I have come to learn that that is because fire was a symbol of security at that time and in some cases today although now the television is the main symbol of security. On top of that, the description of the second old man is very strong and vivid and makes t... ... the story is different for each. 'The Signalman' is a lot slower than 'The Red Room' that jumps right into the excitement and suspense. Although the technique Dickens used also creates suspense because he makes the reader want to read on from the beginning to know the answers to enquiries created at the beginning of the story. In conclusion, I feel that suspense is mainly created through the dark and scary settings, awkwardness of the characters and the descriptions of the nerve wrecking situations that excite readers a lot. I think that 'The Signalman' is the most suspenseful story because 'The Red Room' is more exciting and thrilling than suspenseful and 'The Signalman' again I mention has so many questions that even people who finish the story still can't answer like how we are not sure whether or not the spectre actually exists or was it a vision.

Hobbes Vs Rousseau

Thomas Hobbes' imagined â€Å"state of nature† is full of â€Å"masterless men† (p. 140). Jean Jacque Rousseau's imagined â€Å"state of nature† is full of radically independent, solitary individuals who are innocent of good and evil. How does Hobbes come to that conclusion about man in the state of nature? On what kinds of evidence does he rely? How does Rousseau come to his conclusion about individuals in the state of nature. On what kind of arguments does he rely? Compare and contrast their imagined states of nature making sure you reference the evidence they draw upon to build heir argument.It is important to remember when relating Hobbes and Rousseau and their ideas of the natural state that they are not speaking of the same thing. Hobbes defines the state of nature as the time when men lived without a common power. Men would constantly be at war with each other, and the elements around them. There would be no laws or authority and without them, men would be lieve that everything is theirs. It is very similar to the mindset of a child. Children are not born with a natural inclination to share. That is something that parents must teach them as they grow.Greed is naturally instilled in men and because of this men have been fighting and violent even before societies were developed. Men were fghting, stealing, and murdering each other for survival. Rousseau argues with Hobbes. Rousseau describes a hypothetical time when society did not exist and men only acted on their natural instincts which were peaceful and timid. Men would not have any sense of right and wrong because they had not been molded by societys standards yet. Hobbes states that in the state of nature men would be fearful and greedy and because of this it was necessary for societies to exist.Humans need protection from each other because instinctually we are violent and pose a threat to others. Men naturally crave property and self-preservation and in this environment peace is not possible. When men come together to form societies social contracts are necessary to guarantee the protection of rights of each man. Once a social contract is established man gave his rights over to the sovereign. A social contract is an understanding in which multiple individuals come together and give their rights to one man.Once the individuals give their rights over them become one sovereign. The rights and rotection of a single individual is no longer important; only the protection of the sovereign as a whole. This is when men could begin to live their lives without fear. Once order was imparted on the people or a society they would live in harmony with each or be forced to leave. If this occurs that individual would no longer be under the protection of the sovereign. Hobbes believes that there are three principles that cause violence: competition, glory, and difference.If one man sees another with an item that he craves competition will take over and he will take the item using force or other means. Glory drives a man to be superior. Without a firm authority established one will be driven to be the most powerful. Rousseau disagrees with Hobbes and insists that in the state of nature the only factor is survival. In this case I believe that Hobbes is thinking too much from a society stand point and he is also contradicting himselt. Society molds us into competing tor glory. In the state ot nature this would not be the case.Hobbes and Rousseau both agree that in the state of nature reason and inequality do not exist yet and it would not be possible for man to understand that he should be more powerful than another. If inequality does not exist then it ould not be possible for one man to be more powerful then another. In Rousseau's natural state men are solitary, timid, and greed doesn't exist because society has not corrupted their innocence yet. Rousseau believes that human nature is inherently good and it wasn't until societies began to establish that human's instincts became corrupted.When man is in its natural state they are solitary and have no sense of ownership over anything. They struggle with their environment and their natural conditions. Individuals are looking out for themselves and self- preservation is guiding them, Just as in Hobbes natural state, however Rousseau says here is no violence between them. Rousseau compares man to animals by saying man needs to satisfy their physical needs for survival, however we have a natural repugnance for seeing others in pain. Because of this we would never harm another person for our own selfish desires.Language does not exist yet because people are solitary and keep to themselves. Because of this reason does not exist. Without reason there is no Jealously, inequality, or other negative emotions that lead to violence. This seems too optimistic to be accurate. Compassion would exist to an extent but self-preservation will always be more of a priority. If a man has to cause pain to another because there are limited resources then so be it. For example, let's say it was winter and a man found a small cave. There was already someone else in there and it was only big enough to fit one.Rousseau believes that since men have no sense of ownership, and are solitary creatures that one would simply leave because they don't have to reasoning to think, â€Å"l was here first, so it is mine. † Hobbes would say that men are violent and greedy and in this situation violence would occur. Men are born with a natural instinct to survive and because of this both men would fght over shelter. Humans would not do harm Just to be â€Å"evil† because good and evil would not exist yet. Once families started to form humans had more time to do other activities and with this came reason and inequality.Rousseau gives the example of a dance around a fire. One man will look at another and see that this man is bigger than another and reason would lead him to believe that one must be better than the other. Once inequality is established man has a need to be more powerful then another. Another factor that leads to inequality is the ownership of land. Rousseau states, â€Å"The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said â€Å"This is mine,† and ound people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society.From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody. † Once man owns land and inequality has set in men will become greedy and want more believing that owning land is a symbol of power. Man ill begin to want more wealth and glory and this is when violence starts.The natural instincts of being solitary and peaceful hav e been corrupted by the society and humans have now been molded into greedy power hungry people. Rousseau states, â€Å"l must make everyone see that bonds ot servitude are tormed trom the mutual dependence of men. It is impossible to slave a man without first putting him in the positions of being unable to do without another person. Rousseau believes that when men live alone they cannot be corrupted because they rely on no one but themselves for survival.Once men come together and form families and societies they become enslaved by dependence into that society. After looking at both ideas I believe that Hobbes is not most accurate in his thinking. Rousseau has an optimistic, humanist way of looking at men, but I believe that it doesn't matter how far back in history one goes, men were always violent, greedy, fearful creatures. Just because reason didn't exist does not mean that men wouldn't have a wanting for resources that weren't theirs. Men may not have been able to reason why they wanted something, but the greed was still there.Society and social contracts did not cause or mold our greediness, and violence like Rousseau believes. Those instincts were instilled in men from the beginning as a way of survival. It is impossible to have any absolute truth over who is right in this argument. Once man has been civilized the effects cannot be reversed. We would never be able to go back to the state of nature and this is why the debate is still continuing today. Nature vs. nurture is a topic that is debated today because it is impossible to know for sure what is instinct and what has been molded by our society.

The Effects of Mentoring at-Risk Youth

THE EFFECTS OF MENTORING AT-RISK YOUTH Abstract: Mentoring has arguments both for and against its effectiveness in relation to at-risk youth. These programs have been known to help in areas of self-esteem, attitudes toward drugs and alcohol, grades, attendance and disciplinary problems in school. Although, the scope of at-risk youth can be quite narrow, if administered correctly it can be inclusive of all teens with emotional and behavioral problems. These programs should not be considered a quick fix to such a large problem, but it can be used as a means to an end.Mentoring programs for youth and teens considered to be at-risk have begun to grow throughout the country. Not all programs agree on a generalized approach, but it is fair to say the concept is the same when dealing with this group of youth. The term mentor is basically described as a trusted counselor or teacher. The term at-risk, for purposes of this study, relates to youth from single parent households, who exhibit emot ional and behavioral problems. The overall consensus is to pair a responsible and caring adult with a troubled adolescent youth.The ultimate goal is for a relationship to form and to build a bond of trust with an adult who can in turn, help them deal with the troubles that often arrive in life. Unfortunately, many adolescents are never given the opportunity to build relationships with caring adults. Nearly a quarter of all American children will live in single-parent homes, and half of the current generation of children will live in a single-parent household during some point in their childhood (Dryfoos, 1998).There are a host of factors that contribute to this situation such as changing economic, social and cultural conditions have increased the vulnerability of negative life outcomes for adolescents’ (Dryfoos, 1998). Natural mentors are described as close family members such as father, mother, uncles, aunts, brother’s, sister’s and/or grandparents. In order to address the problems that have come to light as a result of the diminished availability of natural mentors, volunteer mentoring programs ave multiplied in recent years (Freedam, 1993; Rhodes, in press). Just as natural mentoring, volunteer mentoring involves building a relationship between the youth and adults, as to off support in meeting the youth’s academic, social, career, and/or personal goals (Dubois, et al. , in press). It is estimated that as many as five million American youth are involved in some type of mentor program being it in school or community based.They range from such programs as the renowned Big Brothers/Big Sisters to other less structured programs. Without such programs to assist these youth, once they are adults, they are more likely candidates for divorce, high unemployment; physical and mental problems, drug and alcohol abuse, and quite often become involved in more criminal activity (Patterson, Debaryshe, & Ramsey, 1989). If left unchecked, these pr oblems could prove costly both to society and the individual.Whereas the approximate average cost of a well organized and operated mentoring program is estimated at around $1,000, taking into account a per child per year projection, it could eliminate or at least marginalize the need for future social services (Grossman & Gary, 1997). Youth without the proper social support framework or low levels of social support, has a tendency to be withdrawn, and show a lack of concern about their future. They are negligent, and more likely to harm others than were youth who had the privilege of being exposed to a proper social support system (Kashani, Reid, & Rosinberg, 1989).Although only a vice mentoring could provide some social support and could improve the way these youth function in society. Some theorize that youth develop deviant behavior because they lacked the opportunity to interact and or relate with positive role models within their community (Hawkins & Weis, 1985). Mentors can at times be that beacon of hope or the voice of reason which would allow these youth to see and appreciate appropriate social behavior and could in turn curve their delinquent behavior.Most mentoring programs are forced to rely on the kindness of the community for support and this usually comes in the form of volunteers and donations (Keating, Tomishima, & Foster, 2002). Even though the effectiveness of mentoring programs are often brought into question, the Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America organization has a proven track record of successful unions between caring adults and at-risk youth. This organization conducted a study of at-risk youth over the course of approximately one year to show the effects of a positive mentor to mentee relationship.The results revealed they were less likely to become involved in the following activities: 46% illegal drugs, 27% start drinking, 52% skip a day of school, and 37% to skip a class. The mentees were more trusting of parents, and not as prone to lie to them, they also felt more support from their friends. High intensity programs can be effective, especially those with more one-on-one interaction in the form of frequent meetings throughout the month, meeting between 2-4 hours at each visit along with frequent phone contact (Tiernay and Grossman, 1995) (Keating, Tomishima, & Foster, 2002).In this age of technology there is a host of opportunities available for the tech savvy to capitalize on when it comes to mentoring. E-mentoring is the next step in mentoring programs. A program has been in existence for the past 11 years, created by a group of researchers from Drexel University called the â€Å"I Could Be† program, in order to study the effects of online mentoring. So far the results have been mostly positive. Online mentoring can be both an effective and viable option when compared to the traditional face-to-face method.Given the current nature of working conditions, organizations may seek to implement e-mentori ng programs due to their ability to be both cost-effective and time saving compared to the traditional approach. The study showed that students who were comfortable using computers tended to get the most out of the program. Students with the lowest level of confidence at the beginning of the program saw the biggest gains. One of the major drawbacks is that, you’re not face-to-face. The major advantage is the ease of access to more than one mentor.Concerns regarding the overall security of children may have helped to slow the growth of this type of program. Unfortunately high dropout rates and poor academic performance have seemingly became synonymous with the experience of African American male youth. Upon visiting just about any public school in the Country you are bound to find African American male youth almost aimlessly wondering the halls, as if they have been alienated from the educational process and left to their own devices to discover the American dream for them.The ir presence is scarcely seen in the gifted and advanced academic classes, while at the same time they are highly represented in remedial classes. When it comes to suspension and expulsion they dominate the list in comparison to their White male counter-parts (Bailey, 1996; Center for the Study of Social Policy, 1990; â€Å"Federal Report,† 1999; Ford, Grantham, and Bailey, 1999; Lee, 1992; Skiba, Michael, Nardo, and Preston, 2000; Trescott, 1990). They are often observed hanging out on street corners or in the malls, where they are viewed with both fear and contemptment.They often give up on the education process entirely because they feel as if the things learned there do not apply to them and they seek elsewhere for success. The educational system is often viewed as a way to place a label upon them and to stifle the potential for them to grow as individuals (Narine, 1992) (Bailey & Paisley, 2004). Reports have stated that approximately 1 out of every 4 male African American s have to report for court ordered supervision and that there are more African American men controlled by the court than there are enrolled in college (Bass & Coleman, 1997; Green & Wright, 1992; Mauer, 1990).Although only 15% of African American youth are represented in the juvenile population, they constitute approximately 43% of juveniles in public facilities and 34% in private custody (Bailey, 1999, FBI, 1996; Sickmund et al. , 1997). There is an apparently clear overrepresentation of African American male youth in juvenile facilities. This in turn makes for a negative self-image as well as creating an inherit distrust and disrespect of authority (Lee & Bailey, 1997) (Bailey & Paisley, 2004). Minority and poor populations are grossly underserved within the educational system.As a result these students are less likely to be assigned to classes that would prepare them for college and they are quite often being taught by teachers working out of their field (The Education Trust, 199 8). Unfortunately, the majority of most minority and poor populations have the least amount of qualified teachers. The fact is most of these kids will not escape the confines of such experiences and thus will not seek higher education because of feeling an inability to perform in the college arena (Bailey & Paisley, 2004).African Americans populate a mere 17% of the total school system, yet they account for 32% of suspensions and 30% of all expulsions (Skiba et al. , 2000). When it comes to graduating from college African American males have a devastating 1 in 12 chance and when it comes to high school dropout rates they have a 1 in 4 chance (Trescott, 1990). For those who realize the need for higher education and choose to pursue college and university enrollment in the United States, they will find what it means to be a true minority because African American males only account for 3. % of the college population (U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1998) (Bailey & Paisley, 2004). Mentoring is viewed by some as an intervention for at-risk youth who need assistance and preparation for adult life as well as being a conduit of sorts to curb dropout rates, delinquency, unemployment and a host of other ill’s associated with troubled youth (Mech, Pryde, & Rycraft, 1995) (Blechman, 1992). The effects of mentors and mentor programs in general vary greatly and according to how the study is conducted it allows for objective to be set in order to quantify the study.Some studies suggest that mentors have no beneficial impact on the mentee, while they do note some changes occurred but some of the changes were outside the scope of the study (Royse, David, 1998). The first thing we should mention is that the study conducted by Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America was conducted over a 15 month period. It is believed that more relevant changes might have taken place had the study been conducted over a 24 or 30 month period. Longer matches between mentor’s and menteeâ€⠄¢s were believed to be more productive by parents than shorter ones.It is important to note while mentoring does have positives effects, it is not and should not be considered the quick fix to our at-risk youth, problems (Frecknall & Lurks, 1992) (Royse & David, 1998). The second thing to consider is although most mentors kept accurate logs concerning time spent with mentee’s, some did not. This in turn made it difficult to accurately account or report the times of volunteers since these logs were incomplete. With that being said, it made accounting for actual time of contact between mentor’s and mentee’s difficult, to say the least.If the mentor is not consistent when meeting the mentee, the overall objective could be hindered significantly (Roaf, Tierney, & Hunte, 1994). It is vital to keep records in regard to the relationship between the mentor and mentee. This can be difficult because mentee’s are sometimes concerned about their image among peers so they are reluctant to explain the presence of a mentor. Even though some results say mentoring is ineffective, the fact remains that the lives of at-risk youth are substantially affected by a caring adult (Garmezy, 1985; Rutter, 1987; Werner & Smith, 1992; O’Sullivan, 1991).This should be evidence enough as to the need for even more mentoring projects to be formed, refined, and applied to those in need of such services. These programs may not always have immediate tangible results. They have proven to be not harmful while at the same time, having potential to catapult mentee’s into their destiny (Royse & David, 1998). In conclusion, I’ve often heard it said that children are the future and we should teach them well and let them lead the way. Although they are the future, yet and still, America is letting a minority segment fall by the way.One thing is sure, if people are not given hope and allowed to see themselves as viable members of society; they will abando n all morals and rules that govern the land. Although mentoring can be a key element in getting at-risk youth back on track, it should not be the only source to help these youth. This must be done with all due diligence in order to insure the future survival of all Americans. If something is not put in place soon, America will have alienated an entire generation.This will have created a third world society within the borders of the land of the free and the home of the brave. References: Bailey, D. F. , Paisley, P. O. (2004). Journal of Counseling and Development v. 82 no. 1 p. 10-17 http://www. icouldbe. org/csewi/public/pg_evaluation. asp http://www. infed. org/learningmentors/youth_mentoring_in_perspective. htm Keating, L. M. , Tomishima, M. A. , Foster, S. (2002). Adolescence v. 37 p. 717-34 Royse, D. (1998). Adolescence v. 33 no 129 p. 145-58

Comparing Odysseus and Norman essays

Comparing Odysseus and Norman essays By hero, we tend to mean a heightened man who, more than other men, possesses qualities of courage, loyalty, resourcefulness, charisma, above all, selflessness,(Zweig) is what Paul Zweig said in 1974. Mr. Zweig defined a hero as someone who has courage, loyalty, resourcefulness, charisma, and selflessness more than the average person. In The Odyssey by Homer, Odysseus displays characteristics of a hero, especially his charisma. In Sphere by Michael Crichton, Norman has heroic attributes, especially with his resourcefulness by using objects on the ship in times of need. Both Odysseus and Norman are characters who strive for a set goal, and thus display definite heroic attitudes, while both handling themselves in different ways. First, Odysseus and Norman show distinct differences in the way they approach people. Norman is a shy person when he handles himself in front of his crewmates. While speaking with Beth, he expresses his view on the creature that is terrorizing them. Beth, realizing Normans passiveness, attacks his ideas. The other members of the crew notice Beths harshness, and some sided with the soft-spoken Norman. The attribute of being shy when he talks to people was not, in fact, a weakness, but a distinct strength. This strengthens his support because it makes people more comfortable with him as a regular person without major motives, although this is not always true. On the other hand, Odysseus is a person who people feel comfortable with because of the confidence in his voice. When he is in Phaecia, he speaks of all his adventures up to that point in his attempt to relate to the people that he is speaking to. In his charismatic story telling, he becomes very popular with most of the citizens. Due to the bonds people feel with him, he parts with many fine gifts, finally heading home. Odysseus and Norman use different persuasive techniques to be persuade people t ...

Fidel Castro's History Will Absolve Me and the Cuban Revolution Essay

Fidel Castro's History Will Absolve Me and the Cuban Revolution - Essay Example This paper will address the circumstances surrounding the revolution and Castro’s justification for the revolution. An analysis of Batista’s leadership in Cuba will give grounds on how Castro appeared. Batista started as an army officer but rose up the ladder of ranks in the army with time. He received a commendation from the American government representative that he stood out among the Cubans and possessed a great deal of the ability to rule. This made him realize that he would lead the people in his way. Events led to one another, and eventually in 1942 he won elections and become president. His rule was very oppressive, and he concentrated on maintaining his relationship with the American government but not serving the people1. In 1952, he forcefully grabbed the position of general and imposed himself as a dictator on the Cuban people. This came after signs that he was going to lose an election. Batista’s reign greatly oppressed the people, and he amassed wea lth for himself while the common poverty levels increased among the Cuban people2. Castro and his colleagues rose to fight for change in the society. Castro believed in communism and was determined to change the condition in Cuba. In 1953, he led an attack on the military camp in Santiago3. Together with others who realized the kind of oppression the Cuban people were facing he intended to overthrow the tyrant Batista and establish communism in Cuba. Unfortunately, the attack failed, and the organizers faced the strong vengeance from Batista. A large group of them died in the attack while those who survived ended up in custody. Castro defended the group in court, and only a few of them ended up in jail. However, his own case proved difficult to handle because the justice system denied him the freedom to exercise his rights. The system tried all in its ability to prevent his hearings. In addition, the system did not allow him to have a defending attorney. These situations led to Cast ro writing down a speech that he would use to defend himself because that was the only hope left. On his appearance to court, he delivered the speech â€Å"History Will Absorb Me.† In this speech, he highlighted his justification for organizing the attack. Castro made it clear that his inspiration to fight for the freedom of Cuba came from the Cuban hero Jose Marti4. Marti spent his life advocating the freedom of Cuba and left behind many publications that Castro used for reference. Castro considered Marti his master, as he highlighted in his long speech during the trial. According to Castro, the revolution had all justifications that it would need. The Cuban people were suffering without any intervention from the government. While the Cuban people were perishing in poverty, Batista continued to impose taxes with some aimed at helping America settle its debts. In the speech, Castro elaborated the extreme abuse of power of Batista’s regime. Being a lawyer, he quoted the constitutional clauses that the prosecutor was using against him and declared that none of them described what he had committed. In his explanation, there was no government in Cuba but rather a dictator. The fact that no government existed invalidated the document they called a constitution in all the clauses mentioned5. In addition, Castro introduced his revolutionary vision. He mentioned five laws that he had intended to implement had the revolution succeeded. He realized that the dictatorial system had taken power away

International human rights Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International human rights - Assignment Example Among the three models, the most successful in international human rights is the internationalist model, while the least successful is the statist model because the latter treats international relations as peripheral, when it plays an important part in determining and practicing human rights across national borders. The least successful model is the statist model because it does not believe in the importance of international relations in establishing and promoting human rights. The statist model can use its sovereignty to undermine human rights as it sees fit, since sovereignty is more important than the latter. On the contrary, the internationalist model stresses the centrality of international relations in governing international human rights. This model promotes collaboration and coordination among states, where they are willing to balance sovereignty with creating a social order where human rights are acknowledged and respected. It asserts the role of international relations in making human rights urgent and legitimate to all. Thus, the internationalist model uses global relations to institute human rights at an international